The [] The First Book of Macabbees is recognized as Deuterocanonical Scripture by the Orthodox and Catholic Churches. Eusebius, in his book Church History, quotes Origen of Alexandria who says the original title of the work was Sarbth Sarbanael,[note 3] an enigmatic Greek transliteration from a putative Hebrew original title. 1 Kings. The people, in turn, must worship the Lord alone and observe exactly the precepts of the law given to them. The author seeks to promote the view that the Hasmoneans were indeed God's new chosen and would-be rulers in line with heroes of the Hebrew Bible. In either case, only the Greek text has survived, and this only through its inclusion in the Christian canon. The Ptolemy kingdom was founded by Ptolemy I, the son of a Macedonian nobleman. Buy Also Available At: . Corrections? Journey through the Bible, one book at a time, with the 2nd edition of our Books of the Bible journal. In the book itself, "Maccabee" is used solely as a personal title for Judah Maccabee (Latinized as Judas Maccabeus). First Maccabees gives a detailed account of the struggle in Palestine over a period of fifty years, from the time Antiochus IV Epiphanes came to the throne up to the death of Simon, the last of the Maccabee brothers (134 B.C.). He reports the calamities the Jewish people experience on account of their sins, while also stressing the role played by God in his providence, who watches over them as he promised he would (cf. They are Jewish people who do not observe the Law. The First Book of Maccabees also gives a list of Jewish colonies scattered elsewhere through the Mediterranean at the time.[25]. New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article 1 and 2 Maccabees reflect on this question in slightly different ways. came there forth out of Israel. Antiochus persecutes the Jewish people. [20], During the Crusades, Pope Urban II and other church leaders used 1 Maccabees 2 to justify the concept of holy war against the Muslim kingdoms controlling the holy city of Jerusalem. (He had previously become king of Greece.) CHAPTERS: 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, 07, 08, 09, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, RESOURCES: Summary, Outline, Memorize, Chronology. The surviving Greek script has Hebraisms and Hebrew idioms. And at the doors of the houses and in the streets they burned incense. After his death in battle c. 161 B.C.E., his brother Jonathan succeeds him. his heart was lifted up. The school of philosophy seen in 1 Maccabees is often thought to be a predecessor to the philosophy of the Sadducees in later eras. Why do you think the story of the Maccabees remains so important for Jews even today? each should forsake his own laws. The Hasmoneans were not an obvious choice to be rulers; they did not descend from the priestly line of Zadok that had taken the office of High Priest for generations at the point of the Maccabean Revolt. [13] The word "Maccabees" in plural, however, does not appear to have been used until centuries after the Maccabean Revolt. The name Maccabee probably means "hammer" and was the nickname given in the book to the first leader of the revolt, Judas, third son of Mattathias. On the wing of abominations will come one who makes desolate; and even to the full end, and that determined, wrath will be poured out on the desolate. He achieves semi-independence from the Seleucid Empire and gains recognition of his rulership from the Roman Senate in 139. Alexander the Great. The setting of the book is about a century after the conquest of Judea by the Greeks under Alexander the Great, when the country was part of the Greek . Scholarly estimates for the date of authorship include: Roman Missal, Lectionary, Revised Edition approved for use in the dioceses of England and Wales, Scotland, Ireland, published by Collins, Geoffrey Chapman and Veritas, 1981, 1982, volumes 2 and 3, The Revolt of the Maccabees: The True Story Behind Hanukkah, "The date of the first Book of Maccabees", "MACCABEES, THE - JewishEncyclopedia.com", "The Original Language of 1 Maccabees: A Reexamination,", "1 Maccabees, the first book of Maccabees", Session IV Celebrated on the eighth day of April, 1546 under Pope Paul III, The First Book of Machabees Liber I Machaborum, Erran Baron Cohen Presents: Songs in the Key of Hanukkah, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1_Maccabees&oldid=1141777926, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 3:1 to 9:22, under the leadership of Judas Maccabeus, 9:23 to 12:53, under the leadership of Jonathan, Chapters 1316, under the leadership of Simon. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. Unless otherwise noted, all Bible quotations on this page are from the World English Bible and the World Messianic Edition. Naturally, any account of the war of liberation led by Judas Maccabeus would have this effect and would show that victory was due to Gods powerful aid (2:19-22). After the death of Alexander the Great (323 B.C.) VERSE 19. they chose to die. He may also have consulted it for Book 1 of The Jewish War. Pope Damasus I's Council of Rome in 382, if the Gelasian Decree is correctly associated with it, issued a biblical canon identical with the list given at Trent including the two books of Maccabees. The book's author is unknown, but is assumed to have been a devout Jew from the Holy Land who may have even taken part in the events described in the book, or at least knew older people who participated in them. VERSE 37. It runs from the end of the reign of Seleucus IV, the predecessor of Antiochus IV Epiphanes, up to the defeat of Nicanor, shortly before the death of Judas Maccabeusthat is, a period of fifteen years (176-161), which are covered in chapters 1-7 of the first book. In general, its chronology coheres with that of I Maccabees. After Jesus redeemed mankind by dying on the cross, the just of the Old Testament were enabled to enter heaven, and thus the ancient people of God became the new Israel, which is the Church. VERSE 25. It is considered one of the most accurate accounts of Jewish history for the period which it covers. It is not permitted to do evil that good may result. VERSE 2. These two books tell you a lot about Jewish self-definition in the second and first century bc. VERSE 8. 25) gives testimony to the existence of an original Hebrew text. That is, men of Israel came forth. At first, it was used to describe the martyrs described in 2 Maccabees. It was portrayed as a center of athletic and intellectual life. This page was last edited on 26 February 2023, at 19:13. In the town of Modein, the priest Mattathias finds the situation intolerable. 2 He had five sons: John, who was called Gaddi; 3 Simon, who The rabbinical sages of this period had learned from experience that revolt against the Gentiles (in this case the Romans) brought disaster. Chapter 14 also features a long panegyric praising Simon as a worthy leader.[10]. In this connection it gives a very moving account of the martyrdom of seven brothers, whose names are unknown but who are popularly called the Maccabees (2 Mac 7:1 ff). 1:7 So Alexander reigned twelves years, and then died. Every bridegroom took up lamentation, she that sat in the marriage chamber was in heaviness. Origen of Alexandria (253),[52] Augustine of Hippo (c.397AD),[53] Pope Innocent I (405),[54][55] Synod of Hippo (393),[56] the Council of Carthage (397),[57] the Council of Carthage (419),[58] the Apostolic Canons,[59] the Council of Florence (1442)[60] and the Council of Trent (1546)[61] listed the first two books of Maccabees as canonical. There are seven poetic sections in the book that imitate the style of classical Hebrew poetry: four laments (1:2528, 3640; 2:713; 3:45), and three hymns of praise of our fathers (2:5164), of Judas (3:39), and of Simon (14:415). Elephants were an important part of the army of Antiochus. the Torah. Simon follows Jonathan as the next Jewish leader "in place of Judas and your brother Jonathan",[34] taking on civil, military and liturgical roles: "great high priest, governor, and leader of the Jews". The victors had apparitions from heaven. 1-2 Thessalonians. He may well have played some part in it himself in his youth. 2:4), the third son of Mattathias, the hero of the war of Jewish independence against Syria. He bans the observance of the sabbath and the offering of sacrifices at the Temple. VERSE 31. First Maccabees was written about 100 B.C., in Hebrew, but the original has not come down to us. 16:1 Then John came up from Gazara, and told Simon his father what Cendebeus had done against their people. [63], The Jewish historian Josephus of the 1st century AD almost certainly read 1 Maccabees. Help me reach the world for the Lord Jesus Christ. Corrections? . And on the fifteenth day of Chislev, in the hundred and forty and fifth year, they built an abomination of desolation upon the altar, and in the cities of Judah on every side they built idol altars. The people of Israel have been specially chosen by the one true God as covenant-partner, and they alone are privileged to know and worship God, their eternal benefactor and unfailing source of help. One of the most notable and unusual aspects of the book of 1 Maccabees by absence is the lack of any direct mention of God. Judas victory over Nicanor ensures the liberation of the Jewish people and guarantees the proper worship of the true God. 1 Maccabees was probably written in Jerusalem, but 3 and 4 Maccabees derive from the diaspora. Ptolemy supposedly threatened the Jews with loss of citizenship after Palestinian Jews refused to permit him to enter the sanctuary of the Temple of Jerusalem. two main dynasties established themselves in the territories of his huge empirethe Ptolemies, who controlled Egypt and also Palestine up to 200 B.C. Gentile forces still hold a fortress in Jerusalem, however, as well as many towns in Judea and Galilee. Some Protestants include the book as biblical apocrypha, material useful for background and edification but that is not canonical. The history of the Maccabee family given in these books ends with the death of Simon and the succession of his son, John Hyrcanus. He extensively uses the first thirteen chapters of it in Books 12 and 13 of his work Jewish Antiquities, paraphrasing it directly in parts, although supplementing it with other Greek histories such as Nicolaus of Damascus. VERSE 38. 2 Maccabees is a summary of Jason's five-volume work. To keep the Law of Moses would mean being put to death. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The writer compares their virtues and their exploits with those of Israel's ancient . More. Unlike most of the Books of the Maccabees, 1 Maccabees was written in Hebrew and translated into Greek as part of the . an abomination of desolation. And there came great mourning upon Israel, in every place where they were; the beauty of the women was changed. The author is unknown. [29] Jewish historian Uriel Rappaport[he] asserts that "the majority of scholars today accept the authenticity of this document". 1 Maccabees is a deuterocanonical book written by a Jewish author and included in the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox canons of the Bible. And it was the chief propaganda instrument of those non-practicing Jews who were trying to introduce Gentile customs into Israel. He then calls forth the people to holy war against the Gentiles and their Jewish collaborators. 3 And they laid hands on them, and put them in hold unto the next day: for it was now eventide. He also confirms alliances with both Rome and Sparta (1 Macc. Many Christians base their moral decisions on outcomes. 2 Maccabees recaps some of the story (until the events of 161 bc) and adds in details about Gods intervention into the events reports. Nothing is known about the author of 1 Maccabees other than that the attention to detail and knowledge of events suggests that he was an eye witness or had access to eyewitness accounts. Hope for life beyond death enabled the people of God to commit their lives fully to the God who had called them, even when this seemed of no benefit in worldly terms. [19], The book was probably originally written in Hebrew. 1 a After Alexander the Macedonian, Philip's son, who came from the land of Kittim, * had defeated Darius, king of the Persians and Medes, he became king in his place, having first ruled in Greece. THE FIRST BOOK OF MACCABEES. And when he had taken all, he went away into his own land, and he made a great slaughter, and spoke very presumptuously. And he fought many battles, and won many strongholds, and killed the kings of the earth. At Explore the Faith, I share insights into the Bible and theological writings. Instead, we have an early, pre-Christian, Greek translation full of Hebrew idioms. The title of 1 and 2 Maccabees is taken from the surname of Judas (1 Mace. The success of the Jewish campaigns he attributes to Gods protection, but he makes it clear that faithfulness to the Covenant is, as was the case with their forebears, the ground on which Israel must totally rely. The book of 1 Maccabees is the most thorough account of the deeds of the sons of Mattathias and the Maccabean revolt against the Seleucid Empire; 2 Maccabees is a more sensationalized account that focuses on a briefer period of time and adds cool stuff like flying ghost armies; 4 Maccabees is a homily rather than a narrative, focusing on the . He shows intimate and detailed geographical knowledge of the Judea, Galilee, and their environs, but is inaccurate in his information about foreign countries. John R. Bartlett argues for somewhere between 11090 BCE. [ a] 2 He had five sons: John, who was called Gaddi; 3 Simon, who was called Thassi; 4 Judas, who was called Maccabeus; 5 Eleazar, who was called Avaran; and Jonathan, who was called . While enforcement may be targeting only Jewish leaders, ordinary Jews were also killed as a warning to others. The Writer gives his final summary. Judas's Maccabee title is generally tied to the Aramaic word maqqaba ("makebet" in modern Hebrew), "hammer" or "sledgehammer", in recognition of his prowess in battle. The second book is even more important from the doctrinal point of view. he spoke words in subtlety. 1 Maccabees covers the period of 175 BCE to 134 BCE. VERSE 45. and should forbid whole burnt offerings and sacrifice and drink offerings in the sanctuary; and should profane the Sabbaths and feasts. Unlike, the writer of 2 Maccabees, he evidences no Pharisaic theology and may have written in order to justify the Maccabeean dynasty against criticism that they were corrupt and were ruling illegitimately as Jewish kings since they were not of the Davidic lineage. VERSE 24. They will not sin in order to save their lives. Mattathias proclaimed a holy war; Jewish armed resistance operated from the wilderness with great success under the successive leadership of three of Mattathias sonsJudas Maccabeus, the undisputed leader of the Jews (3:1-9); Jonathan (9:28-12:53), and Simon (chap. There is a faithful remnant. Both Origen and Jerome claim to have seen a Hebrew text of 1 Maccabees. Thus did they in their might to Israel, to those that were found month by month in the cities. Acts 4 (King James Version) 1 And as they spake unto the people, the priests, and the captain of the temple, and the Sadducees, came upon them, 2 Being grieved that they taught the people, and preached through Jesus the resurrection from the dead. The author of I Maccabees, likely the Hasmonean court historian, wrote his history during the high priesthood (135/134104 bce) of John Hyrcanus I, son and successor of Simon. 12:1-23). For Jews, a highlight of 1 Maccabees is its description of the rededication of the Temple of Jerusalem and the institution of Hanukkah. However, the original has been lost and the version which comes down to us is the Septuagint. Unlike the Second Book of Maccabees, there is no doctrine of individual immortality except in the survival of ones name and fame, nor does the book express any messianic expectation, though messianic images are applied historically to the days of Simon (1Mc 14:417). 2 Maccabees, instead of covering later years, shines a microscope on the first fifteen years of the same period, drawing its own lessons (which I . 2 Maccabees interprets the misfortunes of the Jews as God's punishment for their own sins; the author of 1 Maccabees depicts the problems as due to the external evil of Antiochus IV and his generals, not as a cleansing ordeal that was in some sense divine will. These include four laments and three hymns of praise. 2 Simon now had the effrontery to name this benefactor of the city, this protector of his . The Second Book of the Maccabees. Many observant Jews flee from the capital, but others readily accept Antiochus' policies. While he clearly portrays a divine providence behind the history he presents, the narrator refrains from the miracle stories and other legends found in 2 Maccabees, which deals with much of the same material. IV Maccabees has scanty historical information and belongs to the Maccabees series only because it deals with the beginning of the persecution of Jews by Antiochus IV Epiphanes. II Maccabees focuses on the Jews' revolt against Antiochus and concludes with the defeat of the Syrian general Nicanor in 161 bce by Judas Maccabeus, the hero of the work. 63 Today they will be exalted, but tomorrow they will not be found, because they will have returned to the dust, and their plans will have perished. The historical integrity of the book, which was compiled from official written sources, oral tradition, and eyewitness reporting, is attested to by the absence of almost all of the conventions of the Hellenistic rhetorical school of historiography and by its uncritical use by the later Jewish historian Flavius Josephus. 62 Do not fear the words of sinners, for their splendour will turn into dung and worms. 1 Maccabees, also known as the First Book of Maccabees, First Maccabees, and abbreviated as 1 Macc., is a deuterocanonical book which details the history of the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid Empire as well as the founding and earliest history of the independent Hasmonean kingdom.It describes the promulgation of decrees forbidding traditional Jewish practices by King Antiochus IV . They will not live a lie. (He had previously become king of Greece.) Thus, for example, in 2 Maccabees 12:43 there is Judas act of faith in the resurrection and salvation of his fallen soldiers, but he realizes that they must atone for their sins in the next life, and he wishes to help them in this and asks for prayers from the living. This is a terrible punishment. 1 The Simon mentioned above as the informer against the funds and against his country began slandering Onias, insinuating that the latter had been responsible for the assault on Heliodorus and himself had contrived this misfortune. 1:8 And his servants bare rule every one in his place. 1 Maccabees 1:54. The book covers the whole of the revolt, from 175 to 134 B.C.E., emphasizing how the salvation of the Jewish people in this crisis came through the family of a zealous priest named Mattathias, particularly his sons, Judas Maccabeus, Jonathan, and Simon, and his grandson, John Hyrcanus. VERSE 59. From the time of Alexander onward Greek culture spread throughout the Middle East. VERSE 52. Ptolemy IIs court at Alexandria was famed for its learning. III Maccabees has no relation to the other three books of Maccabees, all of which deal with the revolt of Judaea against Antiochus IV Epiphanes. Chapter 2 1 1 In those days Mattathias, son of John, son of Simeon, a priest of the family of Joarib, left Jerusalem and settled in Modein. [38] Various passages call back to Biblical passages such as Joshua's conquests or the battle of David and Goliath and equate the Hasmoneans' deeds with the earlier stories. Omissions? Other texts lay stress on the intercession of the saints and the value of prayers for the dead (12:43-46), which are the basis of the dogma of the communion of saints. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. By the end of the war, Simon was the only one of the five sons of Mattathias to survive and he ushered in an 80-year period of Jewish . Grimm indicates the time span for when the book could have been written to be from 105-64 b.c.e. VERSE 57. 3 So he advanced to the ends of the earth . Alexandra was succeeded by another son, Aristobulus II. That is, a gymnasium. The period of peace and prosperity is celebrated in a biblical-style poetic passage, the "Eulogy of Simon",[36] which Rappaport considers to be "one of the most important poetic passages in 1 Maccabees".[37]. In the year 142 BCE, after more than 500 years of subjugation, the Jews were again masters of their own fate. [1], The author of 1 Maccabees is anonymous and unknown. But he also wants to show that Gods purpose in permitting persecution is to discipline the Jews in order that he may not take vengeance on us afterwards when our sins have reached their height (6:12-17). Judas's brother Simon Thassi is declared High Priest by will of the Jewish people. And they got possession of the strong cities in the land of Egypt; and he took the spoils of Egypt. VERSE 55. in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. they made themselves uncircumcised. 1 Maccabees. Her sanctuary was laid waste like a wilderness, her feasts were turned into mourning, her Sabbaths into reproach, her honor into contempt. The big question from this period is the question of self-definition. When Simon died he was succeeded by his son John Hyrcanus, who became the founder of the Hasmonean dynasty. And from the people were gathered together to them many, every one that had forsaken the law; and they did evil things in the land; VERSE 53. and they made israel to hide themselves in every place of refuge which they had. Look out for what you might learn about the Judaism of the period from the story. That is, they covered over their circumcision. for the first and 124 B.C. [50] He also cites the fact that it makes various "admissions against interest" such as openly describing rebel military defeats, unlike 2 Maccabees which obscures or omits such matters. Another is that, while they were included by the Jews of Alexandria in the Septuagint, they may not have gained much popularity in Jerusalem. [47] No angels or miracles come to save the Jews; rather, it is the divinely-approved firm leadership of the Hasmoneans that leads to victory.[9]. If it really was originally written in Greek, then the author was intentionally imitating Hebrew style in Greek. We will be talking about events that happened in the second century, which took place in Judea located in the Syrian empire. The author exhibits a personal interest in the events, but presents them as accurately as possible given his own commitment to the Maccabean dynasty as instituted by God. According to 1 Maccabees, there were some early groups of Jewish rebels who refused to fight on the Sabbath, and perished accordingly (1 Maccabees 2:29-38) until the Maccabean patriarch Mattathias decided to change the law and permit defensive warfare on the Sabbath (2:39-41). Rather, the book refers to "heaven" (ourans) instead, such as Judas saying in a speech that "It is not on the size of the army that victory in battle depends, but strength comes from Heaven. Purpose of The Book of 1 Maccabees: The purpose in writing 1 Maccabees Book is to record the deliverance of Israel that God worked through the family of Mattathias (5:62) - especially through his three sons, Judas, Jonathan, and Simon, and his grandson, John Hyrcanus. These translations have no copyright restrictions. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Among other effects, this discouraged the Jewish rite of circumcision even further, which had already been officially forbidden; a man's state could not be concealed in the gymnasium, where men trained and socialized in the nude. [67] and Knox Bible.[68]. Collins 2000 discusses 2, 3, and 4 Maccabees in this study of Jewish identity constructions in the diaspora in the Hellenistic period. After the episode of Heliodorus (3:1-40), the writer lays great emphasis on the inviolate sanctity of the Temple and implies that Antiochus suffers the terrible death he does suffer because of his profanation of it. 1 Maccabees is a deuterocanonical book written by a Jewish author and included in the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox canons of the Bible. Some Jews went along with the changes. VERSE 2. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Books-of-the-Maccabees, The Catholic Encyclopedia - The Books of Machabees. Attempts to discredit the work as essentially fiction have been discounted even by strongly critical scholars today. 1:9). In 1 Maccabees, those dissatisfied with the Hasmoneans "hated their nation"[39] as a whole; the Hasmoneans were equated with Judea itself. Reflect on whether you think that Mattathias and his sons were right to rebel against their Greek oppressors.We are challenged about how we should behave towards our enemies and how we should act as Gods agents, wherever we live in the world. ALEXANDER THE GREAT. It became part of the deuterocanon in early Christianity. He also forbids circumcision and possession of Jewish scriptures, imposing the death penalty for those who disobey. In Hebrew, the first letters of this four word slogan form the acronym MKBY. He refuses to comply with Antiochus' officers and, in an act of utter defiance, murders a Jew who attempts to offer pagan sacrifice, killing the officer as well. The kingdom began to decline under Ptolemy IV Philopator, who was a bad administrator and led a dissolute life. An unknown editor, the "Epitomist," used the factual notes of a historian . Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Here are 8 handy tips to get your book club up and running. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. This was a mighty defeat for Egypt. After Judass death, the war continued intermittently under his brothers Jonathan and Simon. Prefixed to the book are two "festive" letters (1.1 - 10a and1.10b - 2.19), sent from the Jews in Jerusalem to the Jews in Egypt. Updates? After successfully invading the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, Antiochus IV captures Jerusalem and removes the sacred objects from the Temple in Jerusalem, slaughtering many Jews. And there came exceedingly great wrath upon Israel. (He had previously become king of Greece.) However, we believers CANNOT do evil that good may result. As a surname it was also applied to his brothers and, by extension . The book also comes across as dismissive of martyrdom and passive approaches to resistance, seeing such gestures as futile and pointless. The 1643 Westminster Confession says that the books "are of no authority in the Church of God, not to be any otherwise approved", for example. 1.12.70 The rise of Antiochus IV Epiphanes and subsequent crisis3.19.22 The leadership of Judas Maccabeus in the revolt against the Greeks9.2312.53 The leadership of Jonathan (Judas brother)13.116.24 The leadership and subsequent assignation of Simon (also a brother of Judas), 1.12.32 Letters from Jews in Jerusalem to those in Egypt3.16.31 The conquest of Jerusalem by Antiochus IV Epiphanes7.1-42 The torture and murder of seven brothers and their mother8.19.29 The victory of Judas Maccabeus over the Greeks10.1-38 The purification of the Temple11.115.39 Ongoing conflict and the eventual victory of Judas. 6 summary 1 john chapter 5 usccb irregulars chapter 5 1 mangakakalot com family affair vol 1 chapter 5 w mangairo com 1 maccabees chapter 5 usccb chapter 5 determining income and calculating rent 5 1 hard times book the first sowing chapters 5 8 summary ch 5 where s all my stuff the witcher gamefaqs jane eyre volume 1 chapter 5 shmoop chapter . 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