They *went into Capernaum; and immediately on the Sabbath He entered the synagogue and began to teach. April 24, 2014 by Ian Paul. Jesus went through all the towns and villages, teaching in their synagogues, proclaiming the good news of the kingdom and healing every disease and sickness. According to the New Testament Gospels, Jesus often taught in synagogues, one of which was in Capernaum (Mark 1:21-28), in northern Israel.The book of Acts suggests that the apostle Paul also taught in synagogues (Acts 17:1-2).But what exactly were synagogues in the first century C.E. Signs and wonders were integral to his ministry (Matt 11.5) and his followers clearly continued the same kind of miracles and healings (Acts 5.12). Luke 4:23, where Jesus, speaking in the Nazareth synagogue, refers to "what has been . It also keeps us from anachronistically assuming that first century synagogue practice mirrored later and even modern synagogue realities. But Jesus rebuked it, saying, "Be silent, and come out of him" (Mark 1:23 - 25). Synagogue. Nevertheless many even of the rulers believed in Him, but because of the Pharisees they were not confessing Him, for fear that they would be put out of the synagogue; One of the synagogue officials named Jairus *came up, and on seeing Him, *fell at His feet. But do not copy what they do, for they do not practice what they preach . Here, the place in which Jesus taught and in which he cast out an unclean spirit ( Mark 1.21-28, Luke 4.31, 32) is shown. and from there to Philippi, which is a leading city of the district of Macedonia, a Roman colony; and we were staying in this city for some days. Christ's public miracles during synagogue services showed that the Sabbath, in spite of what some religious authorities taught, was the best time for selfless acts of mercy. As the God of the Old Testament manifested in the flesh, he taught the true meaning behind what was written in the Bible. Matthew 4:13 describes Jesus leaving Nazareth and settling in Capernaum; Mark 1:21-28 describes Jesus teaching and healing in the synagogue; Luke 4:16-37 describes Jesus teaching regularly in the synagogue, cf. Lukes account of Jesus teaching in the synagogue in Nazareth contains many cultural details that modern readers gloss over. the nights, the words pointing to the mode in which the week was spent from the first day to the evening of the fifth. Now when they had traveled through Amphipolis and Apollonia, they came to Thessalonica, where there was a synagogue of the Jews. Although their discussion and study might be held in the synagogue, these disciples would travel with their rabbi, learning the wisdom of Torah and oral tradition applied to the daily situations they faced. . It often refers to the House of Assembly. Luke 4:15-16. But when some were becoming hardened and disobedient, speaking evil of the Way before the people, he withdrew from them and took away the disciples, reasoning daily in the school of Tyrannus. The Gospels record that "Jesus went throughout Galilee, teaching in their synagogues." But I say to you in truth, there were many widows in Israel in the days of Elijah, when the sky was shut up for three years and six months, when a great famine came over all the land; and yet Elijah was sent to none of them, but only to Zarephath, in the land of Sidon, to a woman who was a widow. Although scholars used to assume that the Pharisees (the likely precursors to the rabbis) were in charge of synagogues, most first-century sources identify elders, priests, and archisynagogoi (Greek for heads of synagogues) as the leaders of synagogues (Philo, Hypothetica 7.12-3, Theodotus Inscription, Mark 5:22-23). And yet, before we can even begin to understand the magnificent and thrilling . In Jesus' parable, the tax collector and Pharisee go to the Temple to pray (Luke 18:10). The Gospels record that "Jesus went throughout Galilee, teaching in their synagogues." Yet the Christian reader rarely ponders the significance of such an apparently common structure so central in Jesus' ministry.The synagogue provided a ready platform for the teaching of Jesus and later the apostle Paul. clear that the village synagogue in post-exilic times gradually came to be the real nucleus of the Jewish communal life, and the . Clearly, he belonged to the community of the synagogue, because when he visited Nazareth, he was scheduled to read the Haphtarah (Luke 4:16-30) and may have read the Torah as well as he concludes with a provocative derashah. And they questioned Jesus, asking, "Is it lawful to heal on the Sabbath?" Most of the time the passages don't specify a day on which he went. and he took food and was strengthened.Now for several days he was with the disciples who were at Damascus, and immediately he began to proclaim Jesus in the synagogues, saying, He is the Son of God.. The purpose of the synagogue: reading the Torah, teaching the commandments, and a lodging place for travelers. Answer (1 of 30): Jesus got kicked out of church once. In Iconium they entered the synagogue of the Jews together, and spoke in such a manner that a large number of people believed, both of Jews and of Greeks. 145:2.1 The next Sabbath, at the afternoon service in the synagogue, Jesus preached his sermon on "The Will of the Father in Heaven.". The modern "assembly" of Jesus' followers would do well to remember that the roots of the church are in a community living and worshiping together. And He said to them, "What man is there among you who has a sheep, and if it falls into a pit on the Sabbath, will he not take hold of it and lift it out? But they worship Me in vain, teaching for doctrine the commandments of men (Matthew 15:9, see also chapter 23). At first students studied only the Torah. Where did Jesus teach in the temple? As long as the Temple stood in Jerusalem, synagogues apparently did not face Jerusalem. Additionally, there is not a single Scripture that even hints demons (or Satan himself) ever received or exercised the power to heal! Yes, Jesus taught in the synagogue on many occasions. Found in: Mark 1:21-28 and John 4:31-36. . Jesus was going through all the cities and villages, teaching in their synagogues and proclaiming the gospel of the kingdom, and healing every kind of disease and every kind of sickness. But passing through their midst, He went His way. Give now to help That The World May Know Ministries reveal the heart of Scripturethrough life-changing study tours, an engaging film series, and morefor a greater understanding of Gods Word than ever before. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent the position of the Church. Mark 1:21. The piety of Jesus' parents continues in Jesus, as on the Sabbath day he went into the synagogue, as was his custom. Understanding the synagogue and its place in Jesus' life and teaching is an important step in hearing his message in the cultural context in which God placed it. According to the New Testament Gospels, Jesus often taught in synagogues, one of which was in Capernaum (Mark 1:21-28), in northern Israel. The action you just performed triggered the security solution. The simple answer is, "to teach." Several times (Matthew 4:23; Matthew 9:35; and others) the scriptures tell us that he went to the synagogue for just that reason. By Roy B. Blizzard and David Bivin. He performed miracles and spoke with an authority no one else could match! And all the people answered, Amen, Amen! while lifting up their hands; then they bowed low and worshiped the Lord with their faces to the ground. In Mark 6:31-32, he invites his men to join him, saying, "Come away by yourselves to a desolate place and rest a while.". If you would like to read more the first century synagogues, I recommend Alfred Edersheims The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah, book 3, chapter 10. Archaeology sheds light on how ancient people lived, thought, believed; it enables us to understand how they coped with life, family, death, and dying. e. Women did not hold offices of authority in synagogues. Since first-century synagogues were local communal institutions, it is not surprising that there is no evidence for a centralized group that determined what took place inside of them. So then, it is lawful to do good on the Sabbath." But what exactly were synagogues in the first century C.E.? The earliest archaeological evidence for a synagogue comes from Egypt dating to the second half of the third century BC, where the synagogue was called a place of prayer (see Acts 16:13, 16). It is very difficult for us, almost 2,000 years removed from Jesus' day, to project ourselves back across the centuries of time to a culture and language so totally foreign to the western mind of today. The synagogues at Gamla in the Golan and Magdala in Galilee have benches around the walls, which makes the focal point for those seated on the benches the center of the room where Torah reading and instruction took place. In verses 26-27 Jesus refers to 1 Kings 17:1-15 and 2 Kings 5:1-14 that mention Gentiles who God helped. How many times did Jesus visit Jerusalem? For example, "he stood up to read" (Luke 4:16; see t. Sukkah 2.10), most likely standing before a Torah reading stand like rested upon the stone base discovered at Magdala. Jesus spoke about the teachers of the law and the Pharisees. Though literary sources prove that first-century synagogues existed, there are few archaeological remains. Departing from there, He went into their synagogue. At first, the listeners liked the message that Jesus preached. In Iconium they entered the synagogue of the Jews together, and spoke in such a manner that a large number of people believed, both of Jews and of Greeks. Then Ezra the priest brought the law before the assembly of men, women and all who could listen with understanding, on the first day of the seventh month. Although the origin of the synagogue as a Jewish institution is unclear, by the first century C.E. Archaeology and ancient Jewish literary sources enable us to better understand this key religious institution that was so important to Jesus, His followers, and His movement after His death. But at the beginning of his ministry, we read in John 1:1-11, his mother, Mary, was with him at a wedding in Cana. This website is not owned by or affiliated with The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (sometimes called the Mormon or LDS Church). Jews describe the same activity in synagogues (or, in Bible times, in the Temple) as "prayer." Why Couldn't Jesus Do Miracles in Nazareth. Finally a sermon was given by a preacher. All four gospels report that Jesus visited Capernaum in Galilee and often attended the synagogue there: . One can see this especially with regard to religious practices and institutions, and spiritual expressions. After the reading of the Law and the Prophets the synagogue officials sent to them, saying, Brethren, if you have any word of exhortation for the people, say it.. Satan causing Job and Apostle Paul to suffer physically) or possibly a mild form of demon possession (Luke 13:16). Jesus Heals a Man with a Wicked Spirit. I know Who You are - the Holy One of God!" The views expressed by individual users are the responsibility of those users and do not necessarily represent the position of the Church. (Mark 1:21) could refer to a group of people, a community or a building, an institution in the first century AD. So He came to Nazareth where He had been brought up. Now in the seventh year, in the fifth month, on the tenth of the month, certain of the elders of Israel came to inquire of the Lord, and sat before me. 1. Not only did they frequently accuse him of using the powers of darkness to work wonders, they also asserted he was possessed of the devil (John 7:20, 8:48, 10:20, Matthew 10:25, 12:24). At other times, Paul's practice of teaching in the synagogue led to much persecution. It is all too easy to shoot photos of your group with the impressive synagogue structure emphasizing the magnificence of its . Mark 1:21-28 describes Jesus teaching and healing in the synagogue. All members of a Jewish community could participate in the community life of the synagogue. Question-and-answer sessions between teacher and student were added to the memorization drills. The Torah scrolls would be brought out by the hazzan and would be read in several portions, sometimes as many as seven. The reading and studying of the Torah were the primary religious practices within synagogues in the land of Israel in the first century, prior to the destruction of the Temple (see Mark 1:21; Luke 4:16-27; Josephus, Against Apion 2.17; Philo, Embassy to Gaius 23; Dreams 2.18; t. Megillah 3; t. Sukkah 4.6). It was customary to stand while reading Scripture but to sit while teaching. God pours his love into our heart and changes us and makes us morally righteous. At the time, Jesus' ministry was less than a year old (it started in the fall of 26). Synagogues provided the contextual backdrop for Jesus's stunning Messianic announcement and his acts of healing and teaching. Jesus spent much time in synagogues . The scribes and Pharisees attending the synagogue firmly believed in the "tradition of the elders" (see Matthew 15:2 - 6, Mark 7:3 - 13) which considered any healing miracles as "work" which was forbidden by the fourth commandment (Exodus 20:8 - 11). This would have been a natural thing for Jesus to do since he was a . And when He saw her, Jesus called her to Him and said to her, "Woman, you have been loosed from your infirmity." Although the hazzan was in charge of worship services, the prayer leader, readers, and even the one who delivered the short sermon could be any adult member of the community. And I said, Lord, they themselves understand that in one synagogue after another I used to imprison and beat those who believed in You. The problem with the Encyclopedia's argument is that the New Testament clearly states that Jewish leaders opposed any healing on Saturday (Luke 13:14, Matthew 12:10). Modern readers of the New Testament are often confronted with a frustrating reality that the New Testament authors wrote without explaining important details. The synagogue that Jesus regularly taught in was made of black basalt stone and archaeologists date it back to at least 1AD today the only main . How many time did JESUS preach in a synagogue. that look similar to post-destruction synagogues . Archaeology cannot prove the Bible, but it can enable us to understand the material culture of the people of the Bible. Therefore, though synagogues were found in some first-century communities, their status as places of worship was limited until after the temple was destroyed in 70 C.E. Different people were scheduled to read a portion each week. Believers were to become assemblies, not single individuals seeking God alone. He literally makes us to be just, and the Latin word [foreign language 00:13:58] means to make just. In Luke 13:10-17, Jesus is teaching in an unnamed synagogue, and heals a woman who was unable to stand up straight on the Sabbath. Feb. 7, 2023, 9:24 AM ET (AP) synagogue, also spelled synagog, in Judaism, a community house of worship that serves as a place not only for liturgical services but also for assembly and study. Teaching at Nazareth. And He opened the book and found the place where it was written,read more.The Spirit of the Lord is upon Me,Because He anointed Me to preach the gospel to the poor.He has sent Me to proclaim release to the captives,And recovery of sight to the blind,To set free those who are oppressed, To proclaim the favorable year of the Lord. And He closed the book, gave it back to the attendant and sat down; and the eyes of all in the synagogue were fixed on Him. Chad Spigel is an assistant professor of religion at Trinity University in San Antonio, Texas. Whatever we heard was done at Capernaum, do here in your hometown as well. And He said, Truly I say to you, no prophet is welcome in his hometown. Jesus spent much time in synagogues (Matt. The man who was the head of the synogogue was not at all pleased with how Jesus behaved and sought to correct him in public. Is there a second gift of Christ that can only be received in the temple? c 16 And he came to Nazareth, where he had been brought up. Now, Augustine's conclusion is that for Paul and for Christians, the way we're reconciled to God is through faith. 20 Jesus answered him, "I have spoken openly to the world. We are one body because we are made that way through Jesus (1 Cor. Inside the synagogue a stone was found that depicts the menorah, which in the first century resided in the temple in Jerusalem. Archaeologists have suggested that this stone served as the base of a Torah reading stand, where, on the Sabbath, the Torah reader would read from the Torah scroll and read from the Prophets (see Luke 4:17; Acts 12:15). Jesus spent a significant amount of time teaching . The Mishnah (the written record of the oral traditions of Jesus' time and after) recorded that the gifted student began study of the written Torah at age five, studied oral traditions at age 12, became a religious adult at 13, studied the application of Torah and tradition at 15, learned a trade at 20, and entered his full ability at 30. Students probably attended school in the synagogue and were taught by the hazzan or a local Torah Teacher. . The following section will explain three prominent topics in Jesus's teachings: (1) the reality of the kingdom of God, (2) living in the kingdom of God, and (3) the Lord of the kingdom of God. And, in the case of the synagogue, it sheds light on its origin and practice in the first century. At the time, Jesus' ministry was less than a year old (it started in the fall of 26). There are many references on this in all the gospels; but here is Then some elders of Israel came to me and sat down before me. Jewish scholars believe Ezekiel's reassuring promise that God would provide a "sanctuary" (11:16) for his people is a reference to the small groups that gathered in their homes during the exile to recall God's covenant, his law, and especially the redemptive promises of the prophets. It might surprise modern Christians to discover that many church practices are based on synagogue customs that Jesus followed. Of course, not all decoration is architectural. Published: April 8, 2016. Whatever we heard was done at Capernaum, do here in your hometown as well.. Also Jeshua, Bani, Sherebiah, Jamin, Akkub, Shabbethai, Hodiah, Maaseiah, Kelita, Azariah, Jozabad, Hanan, Pelaiah, the Levites, explained the law to the people while the people remained in their place. Mark 4:1 Once again Jesus began to teach beside the sea, and such a large crowd gathered around Him that He got into a boat and sat in it, while all the people crowded along the shore. At the Thursday evening meeting of the synagogue Andrew had taught, his subject being "The New Way.". For Permission to Quote Information visit http://www.lockman.org, Now in the seventh year, in the fifth month, on the tenth of the month, certain of the elders of Israel came to inquire of the. The subject was the Torah and the method was memorization. Jesus taught, "When you pray, do not be like the hypocrites, for they love to pray standing in the synagogues and on the street corners to be . And as I punished them often in all the synagogues, I tried to force them to blaspheme; and being furiously enraged at them, I kept pursuing them even to foreign cities. and didnt crystallize until the medieval period. The new community of Jesus was born out of the synagogue. Jesus was the consummate teacher, not only because of how he taught but because of what he taught. Typically, they were built on the highest point in town or on a raised platform. After the destruction of the Jewish temple in A.D. 70, worship could no longer take place in the temple, making the synagogue the central place of worship. It appears that the early church patterned itself after the synagogue and continued the same practice of living and worshiping together as a community, often in private homes (Acts 2:42?47). When did the synagogue come into use? 1 But who nevertheless made pilgrimage to Jerusalem only once a . Historically, the synagogue has continued to play an essential role in the practice of Judaism. 116:17; Isa. healing every sickness and every disease among the people. In the synagogue there was a man possessed by the spirit of an unclean demon, and he cried out with a loud voice. ? Jesus' message seems to have been met with a mixed reception. Home / Articles / First Century Synagogues. The above angry reply by the synagogue ruler regarding the miracle he witnessed shows, once again, how distorted the Jews understanding of God's commandments had become. By the first century, a synagogue was found in most of the towns and villages of Galilee. /en/features/exploring-the-practices-and-customs-of-the-first-century-synagogue, Marc Turnage, the executive director of the Assemblies of God. Boys and girls went to school in Galilee though boys continued till they were 15 if they displayed unusual ability while the girls were married by that time. The hazzan also cared for the Torah scrolls and other sacred writings and brought them out at the appropriate times (Luke 4:1-20). Behold, I will cause those of the synagogue of Satan, who say that they are Jews and are not, but lieI will make them come and bow down at your feet, and make them know that I have loved you. The truly gifted would leave home to study with a famous rabbi to "become like him" as a talmid (disciple). This directional design does not appear within the first century synagogues discovered in the land of Israel indicating that prayer was not the primary function of the synagogue. While teaching in the synagogue in Capernaum, Christ was confronted by a demon-possessed man. The gospel of Luke chapter 3 describes the baptism of Jesus by John the Baptist. Jesus, after a stinging rebuke of some religious leaders for upholding traditions they said represented God's will, summed up his criticism of them by stating the following. He also taught his disciples to do the same ( Mark 3:7; Luke 9:10 ). All four gospels report that Jesus visited Capernaum and often attended the synagogue there: Matthew 4:13 describes Jesus leaving Nazareth and settling in Capernaum. 162.243.31.236 And beside him stood Mattithiah, Shema, Anaiah, Uriah, Hilkiah, and Maaseiah on his right hand; and Pedaiah, Mishael, Malchijah, Hashum, Hashbaddanah, Zechariah and Meshullam on his left hand.read more.Ezra opened the book in the sight of all the people for he was standing above all the people; and when he opened it, all the people stood up. Were they different from modern synagogues? In other words, these religious leaders felt another person's suffering could wait a day in order to be healed, yet work to protect the life and marketable value of their animals was entirely acceptable! Truly I say to you, they have their reward in full. And on the Sabbath day we went outside the gate to a riverside, where we were supposing that there would be a place of prayer; and we sat down and began speaking to the women who had assembled. And He began teaching in their synagogues and was praised by all. He said, "You must obey them and do everything they tell you. Archaeological evidence is scant for those early synagogues, though later ones left much more substantial remains. Published: FEBRUARY 12, 2018 15:37. A local caretaker (unfortunately sometimes called "ruler" in the English Bible), called the hazzan, was responsible for maintaining the building and organizing the prayer services (Mark 5:22, 35?36, 38; Luke 8:41-49, 13:14). If you would like to read more the first century synagogues, I recommend Alfred Edersheim's "The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah", book 3, chapter 10. For example Mark 1:21 says that Jesus and his disciples traveled to Capernaum, and "when the Sabbath came, he [Jesus] entered the synagogue and taught." Additionally, we have uncovered buildings from the Second Temple period (before the destruction of the Temple in 70 C.E.) Learn about upcoming promotions, releases, and other updates from That the World May Know. These awesome events were purposely done in a public setting, on the Sabbath (Saturday), not only as proof that he was the promised Messiah but also to clarify the true meaning and intent of the Biblical day of rest. When we look in the Greek New Testament we see that Yeshua is called "Rabbi" 16 times. Ezra the scribe stood at a wooden podium which they had made for the purpose. Synagogue is associated with Jewish culture. The Torah scrolls and the writings of the prophets were either kept in a portable chest and brought to the synagogue for worship or were kept in the Synagogue itself in a permanent Torah cabinet (called the holy ark). In the time of Jesus, the synagogue was in the center of the town. His life seemed to follow the education practices of his people quite closely. . Jesus Is the Answer - John 14. This inscription parallels the primary purpose of the synagogue as attested in the ancient literary sources. Their activity certainly included prayer, for going to the Temple to pray meant going at the time of worship and sacrifice. And, of course, throughout the gospels we read about Jesus teaching in synagogues and the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem, and observing Jewish holidays like Passover. For example, he stood up to read (Luke 4:16; see t. Sukkah 2.10), most likely standing before a Torah reading stand like rested upon the stone base discovered at Magdala. 9.35), Dearest brethren real Christian Should Not use this prayer sign this prayer sign is for Idol worshippers and Yoga practioners and we all know Yoga is no. All were recognized as being able to share the meaning of God's Word as God had taught them in their daily walk with him. After all readings, a short sermon would be offered, often by the reader of the Torah or Haftarah. 13:54-58; b MARK 6:1-6; c LUKE 4:16-31. b 1 And he went out from thence [from Capernaum]; and he cometh {a And coming} b into his own country; and his disciples follow him. Unlike the scribes or others who taught during synagogue services, Christ's teachings did not rely on Jewish traditions or what he "thought" certain Old Testament passages meant. became thereby a legitimate offshoot of the Jewish synagogue. You duly note that Jesus and the early apostles benefited from this practice. This is a remarkable example of God's preparation, as the passage Jesus read was exactly the passage that he used to explain his ministry. . Have You come to destroy us? Local elders governed the synagogue, a kind of democracy. And u as was his custom, v he went to the synagogue on the Sabbath day, and he stood up w to read. While they stood in their place, they read from the book of the law of the. When Did Jesus Miraculously Provide Food? The iconography of this stone derives from the temple and its worship. And he did so, and his hand was restored . . Being addressed as "Rabbi" certainly indicated someone who had learned from a rabbi. The synagogue of Capernaum affirms the authority of Jesus' "new" teaching (Mark 1:21-28). Temptation in the Desert (Matthew 4:1-11; Mark 1:12-13; Luke 4:1-13) Jesus went out into the desert and fasted for 40 days. In later synagogues, elaborate mosaics with a variety of designs covered the floor (none exist from Jesus' time). they were found in both Palestine and the Diaspora, where they were used for a variety of communal needs: as schools (Josephus, Antiquities 16.43), for communal meals (Josephus, Antiquities 14.214-216), as hostels, as courts (Acts 22:19), as a place to collect and distribute charity (Matt 6:2), and for political meetings (Josephus, Life 276-289). Capernaum, located in a region known as Galilee, is the place where Christ and at least five of his disciples lived. In the New Testament period, synagogue worship was subject to a number of authorities, including elders, shepherd, other rulers, and Archisynagogos, or chief ruler. Was the restriction of unclean foods in the Bible a commandment. "Jesus went about all Galilee," reports Matthew 4:23, "teaching in their synagogues." Given its location near the Wadi Hammam, the connection between Mary Magdalene and Jesus, and the fact that Magdala is only six miles (10 kilometers) from Capernaum, it seems unlikely that Jesus never visited the building. 13:54), healed in them (Luke 4:33-35; Mark 3:1-5), and debated the interpretation of Torah in them (John 6:28-59). In spite of the later emphasis on prayer and study in the place of assembly, it is likely the main focus of the early gatherings of Jewish people was simply the need to maintain their identity as a people living in a foreign and pagan country. Jews pray facing toward Jerusalem, so often the design of these later synagogues faces toward Jerusalem. --so that they might accuse Him. Mark 1:21 John 6:59 Luke 4:16 Synagogues are the predecessor of churches. (That is, it was about a year earlier that Jesus had left to be baptized by John; as far as the record goes, He had not returned since.) Discover the Bible in light of its historical and cultural context! The sermon was frequently quite short (Jesus spoke only a few words, Luke 4:21). The floor was usually dirt or flagstones, and common people probably sat on mats on the floor, while the important people sat on the stone benches (Matt. Each particular worship service was officiated by a delegate of the congregation who was selected by the chief ruler. And He taught in their synagogues, being glorified by all. Ezra opened the book in the sight of all the people for he was standing above all the people; and when he opened it, all the people stood up. Ezekiel 20:1. ), a period when the temple of Jehovah lay in ruins. Sermon would be read in several portions, sometimes as many as seven the Lord with their faces to Temple... Began to teach pilgrimage to Jerusalem only once a then they bowed low worshiped! While teaching in the synagogue led to much persecution each particular worship service was officiated by a man... 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